Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Processes

Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Processes Some wastewater treatment process in other hand classified into three categories which followed the nature of the treatment process that used nowadays, they are physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. Most of the full wastewater treatments systems are included several processes from these three categories. Physical methods wastewater treatment is the process that totally relay on physical phenomena only in progress of improving and treating the wastewater. In this method, there are no any gross chemical or biological changes needed to carry out. Some examples like sedimentation or called clarification, screening, aeration, filtration, flotation and skimming, degasification, equalization are classified as the physical method for wastewater treatment. Take sedimentation process for further explanations, it is a process where the solids is settle by gravity in order to carry out the process. This process is carry out by collecting the wastewater in a short period of time, the collected wastewater was stored in a tank that is under quiescent conditions, which then slowly let the heavier solids to settle and those â€Å"clarified† effluent is also remove at the same time. Sedimentation process is very common process used for solid separation nowadays, and it is already set up to be u sed in the beginning and end of the full wastewater treatment operation which is what we have now. Sedimentation is already a physical treatment that cannot be excluded in order to successfully carry out the wastewater treatment. Another common process that also under the physical treatment category is the aeration, which is a process by just physically add some air into wastewater, gas that often used is oxygen. The process is to allow the oxygen exchange at the surface, eventually lead to the release of noxious gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide gas from the water. Filtration is also another common physical phenomena treatment, this treatment require a filter medium to separate the solids from the wastewater, filter medium like sand filters can continue removed the entrained from the wastewater used. Some physical phenomena will take part in sedimentation process; this will affect the water quality in the good way. Substance like greases or oils can be applying the flotation technique, skimming, or physically removing in order to separate from the wastewater. For some industrial management wastewater treatment, they will create strong and undesirable waste in just a little time needed. These wastes have the ability in destroy biological treatment process. So the wastes were kept to remained in the wastewater system, or has mixed with other waste, and eventually release to the environment, which will cause eliminating â€Å"shocks† to the treatment plant. Such process called equalization. There is another type of equalization, which is when the wet well of a pump station will collect many types of wastewater and then follow with the step that pump those wastes onward at constant rates. Second category is the chemical treatment process, physical treatments rely on physical phenomena, and so chemical treatment is depending on certain chemical reaction in order to improve the water quality. The examples of chemical wastewater treatment are chlorination, ozonation, neutralization, coagulation, adsorption, and ion exchange. Among all these chemical treatment, the most famous and common one is the chlorination. Chlorination process is the using of chlorine to kill bacteria and also to slow down the rate of the wastewater to decompose. Chlorine is being chosen because of its strong oxidizing properties. Bacterial can be successfully eliminated from the wasterwater when there is vital biological process occurred which caused by the chlorine added. There is an alternative way to replace the chlorination, which is by using the ozone to undergo ozonation. Ozone is also a common strong oxidizing agent that chose to carry out oxidizing disinfectant other than chlorine. Besides using chemical to undergo oxidation, industrial wastewater treatment commonly applies neutralization. Water is commonly known that it is at pH value of 7, the neutral state. So if the water is too acid, there will have the need to add selective base to adjust back the neutrality of the wastewater. In other hand, same goes to if the water is too basic, acid is needed to add to the wastewater to adjust back the pH value. This technique is called the neutralization. Another common chemical wastewater treatment is the coagulation. This process is about to add some chemical into the wastewater, which will cause some reaction to be occurred. The chemical added will react with the substance inside the wastewater and then form insoluble end product, thus these end product can be easily removed in order to produce clean water. The example of chemicals that used for coagulation process are polyvalent metals, limestone, iron binding compounds like FeSO4 and FeCl2 or FeCl3, and last is t he alum, Al2(SO4)3. Some chemical treatment actually is the combination of chemical and physical processes. The nature of the process is come from both chemical and physical. One of the example is the using the activated carbon to extract or remove the organic substance in the wastewater. For ion exchange process, this process is least applied in the wastewater treatment nowadays. The ion exchange process is actually added some chemical in order to exchange certain ion in the wastewater only, this process is not help a lot in the field of wastewater treatment and the process is slow. The last category that needs to discuss is the biological wastewater treatment. Biological process in wastewater treatment is related to apply biology field substance, such as microorganisms in order to produce the clean water. There are many microorganisms but the most used in biochemical decomposition of wastewater is the bacteria, the purpose of the bacteria is to stabilize the end products. If there are still many other microorganisms are present, or even the sludge, they will be converted to carbon dioxide gas, water and some side product by the treatment method. The major groups of biological wastewater treatment have two main events, one is aerobic method and the other is the anaerobic method, the different between these two processes is the present of dissolved oxygen. Under aerobic method there have several examples, such as: activated sludge treatment methods, trickling filtration, oxidation ponds, lagoons, and aerobic digestion, whereas for the example of anaerobic method are: anaerobic digestion, septic tanks, and lagoons. The main purpose of a wastewater treatment is to remove those solid substances in the water, in order to have a good condition and clean water to be used in our daily life. Most solid is the primarily organic substance, at this instant there will eventually have some inorganic solid being filter out also along with the organic substances. The treatment also need a enhance function to help remove the sludge in the water also. Before the treatment process come to the end, some addition work need to carry out to control the odors of the water, one more is retard the biological activity in order to destroy those pathogenic organisms that still remained in the wastewater. The actual full wastewater treatment as mention before, it will have the combination of physical, chemical and biological methods, so the devices need to be used will also widely cover these three fields, where the degree of a treatment mainly named using the terms primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

Deception and Punishment in The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities :: comparison compare contrast essays

Deception and Punishment in The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorn and Charles Dickens in their novels The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities, respectively, both use punishment for deception as a recurring theme.   Although they do so to different degrees and in dissimilar manners, both authors agree that deception is a sin that requires punishment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Scarlet Letter, the heroine, Hester Prynne conceived a child out of wedlock.   Despite the pleas and demands of the clerical community, she did not reveal the identity of the father.   The Puritanical community in which she lived in demanded her to give up her conspirator or bear the consequences of the deed alone.   Due to her doggedness, the townsmen sentenced her to wear a scarlet letter *A* embroidered on her chest.   The A served as a symbol of her crime, was a punishment of humiliation, gave her constant shame, and reminded her of her sin.   Hester*s penalization was a prime example where deception led to negative consequences in that she would have been spared the entire encumbrance of the crime if she did not deceive the townspeople.   Although seemingly, her paramour did not escape punishment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, the father of her bastard child took a more severe sentence. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale seemed to be an upstanding, young priest.   The whole town liked him and respected him as a holy man.   Thus, his deception was much more direct and extreme when he did not confess that he impregnated Hester Prynne.   Unlike Hester, he was not publicly punished.   So although Hester overcame her ordeal and went on with her life, Dimmesdale exacted a constant, physical and mental reprobation on himself.   This inner pain was so intense that his physical health began to reflect his inner sufferings.   In the end, he redeemed himself by his confession in front of the whole town, but his long endurance of the secret took its toll and he died.   Roger Chillingworth had a similar fate.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Hester*s husband, keeps his relation to her a secret.   Chillingworth*s deception allows him to become consumed with hatred and the desire to inflict his revenge on the one who stole his wife*s

Energy Society Essay

The Kyoto Protocol The official name of the Protocol is The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is an agreement by 165 countries for mandatory targets for the reduction of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. These gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases are believed to contribute significantly to global warming. The targets of the Protocol are primarily industrialized countries, which are expected to reduce their combined emissions to 95% of 1990 emission levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol was agreed on in 1997, although it only took effect in 2005. Between the years 1990 and 2000, the overall emissions of industrialized countries have been reduced by 3%, but largely because of the drastic reduction of emissions from former Soviet countries because of their failing economies. Other industrialized countries overall had an increase of 8% emissions. It is estmated that emissions from industrialized countries will be 10% above 1990 emission levels by the year 2010. For industrialized countries, the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is only around 5%, and many climate scientists are concerned that this is not enough to curb the effects of global warming. They believe that in order for the agreement to actually help solve the problem, the emission rates would be cut down by 60%. This has led to the opinion that the agreement lacks real value, more so without US backing. However, advocates believe that the Protocol lays out the groundwork for future negotiations. Emission reduction laws were already signed in many countries and would continue to take effect even when the Protocol itself has ceased to exist. â€Å"Happy Kyoto Day† – This site has an unusual approach to the problem of determining the Kyoto protocol’s merit. According to the author, â€Å"In and of itself, the Kyoto treaty won’t solve global warming or avert disastrous climate disruption.† The author states that the protocol is essentially a catalyst. It will put the world in an environmentally aware mindset—even if the Kyoto protocol fails, it will force the world to come up with something better. It will also encourage economic changes that strive towards greater efficiency and sustainability. Lastly, the protocol â€Å"is a symbol, a conscious step in the right direction for the planet. â€Å"Kyoto & global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?† – According to this site, â€Å"global warming alarmism† is indeed the â€Å"mother of all environmental scares.† The author states that it is definitely not settled whether human activity has had any significant effect on global warming; global warming is a theory, not a fact. Some effects of the Kyoto protocol would include â€Å"impoverishing the USA and creating intense disaffection within the ranks of the working classes.† Basic necessities would become very expensive. â€Å"Electricity would double in cost, fuel would skyrocket.† Lastly, the author claims that the Kyoto protocol is a political â€Å"device to lead the Social Communists closer to world dominion.† One of the worst effects that global warming could have would be the rise of sea levels, due to the melting of ice caps and to thermal expansion of the world’s waters. A hundred years from now, if the worst global warming predictions come true, millions of people will be displaced from their homes, which will be submerged. This will have drastic economic and cultural impacts. The effects of the mass displacement on the economy could reach far into the future. The loss of farmland, of business districts, etc. may spawn another (much worse) Great Depression in many areas. Forced cultural dispersion will be commonplace, making the ubiquitous problem of the generation gap much more considerable. Many people who would call themselves environmentalists would not necessarily have good knowledge of environmental issues. They may pay lip service to the environmentalist cause without inconveniencing themselves in any respect to protect it. But I would venture to say that a majority of those who call themselves environmentalists would be willing to go out of their way to ‘serve’ the world. However, it is certain that, as in other controversial issues, there would be much hypocrisy. If by ‘environmentalists’ we mean those who are—or claim to be—‘concerned’ about the environment, then certainly most of them would just be claiming belief in the cause, but be too lazy. In them would be an awareness of an ideal—the preservation of the environment—but a lack of initiative, probably because of the lack of any immediate incentives. References    Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, Available at: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.html The Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Available at: http://www. climatechange.govt.nz/about/kyoto.html Cascio, Jamais, 2006, Happy Kyoto Day, Available at: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002119.html Kyoto & global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?, 2006, Available at: http://uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42 Q&A: The Kyoto Protocol, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/ 4269921.stm The Kyoto Protocol – A brief summary, 2006, European Union, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/climat/kyoto.htm Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at: http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Protocol&oldid=80236719 Kyoto Protocol comes into force, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/4267245.stm

Decision Making Models Essay

Managers have the responsibility of making decisions within that guide and provide direction to their organizations. Although decisions may be made by individuals, groups, or teams, it is the manager who coordinates the process of decision making. Managers make use of various decision making models to effectively steer the organizations. It is worth to noting that there is no one model or style that is always right or perfect in decision making. This is so because different people are successful and satisfied using different styles. There are two major broad models of decision making. These are the deterministic and probalistic models. The deterministic models result in good decisions with good outcomes. The manager using this model is able to get what he/she expects i. e. the out come is risk free. In probabilistic decision models, the expected results are uncertain and thus making good decision may not necessarily lead to good outcomes. The probabilistic decision making model is characterized by more concern with both the outcome value and the amount of risk each decision carries. All other effective decision making models can be classified as either deterministic or probabilistic model. The other subcategories of decision making models are mechanical, mental/verbal, analytical, and simulation. These models are classified based on such characteristics such as types, evolution in time, and availability of information (McCall M. , and Kaplan, R. (2001). ). Mechanical models take physical appearance of the object. They are used to display or test the design of items ranging from new buildings to new products. Mental/verbal models are also important and can be used to verbalize decision strategies for more complicated decision making models. The other model is analytical model which is a mathematical model and aimed at simplification, abstraction of real systems to give insight and understanding to some interested aspect of reality (Klein G. , et al. , (Ed. ) (1993). The analytical models are applicable to the deterministic systems. A simulation model is the last model that I am going to address. Simulation models are the computerized duplications of real systems and are seen to be more realistic, especially when modeling dynamic/probabilistic systems e. g. as used in aviation industry. Current Application Decision making models have assisted managers a lot in making viable decisions within the organization. The models discussed above have been implemented by individuals within organizations to come up with good decisions. For instance, the mental/verbal model has been used to aid in problem identification, in the development phase as well as the selection phase of decision making. Decision support system (DSS) has found usage in air-line management. Decision support systems and the models have been used to make decision both under risk, certainty, and even conflict in organizations. Other applications of the decision making models include the DSS for fiber optic Network Architecture Design and application of technology to cardiovascular diagnosis. Decision making models have also been used in forecasting with examples such as regression models and Box-Jenkins models. In brief, the use of effective decision making models by mangers has helped organizations to improve their businesses as a result of quality decision. The various effective decision making models used by mangers have both benefits and drawbacks or challenges associated with them. Mechanical decision making models have the advantage of being usable for experimentation. Mechanical models are credited for clearly describing the problem of system under study and thus results in innovative designs alternatives for decision making. Mechanical models also have some challenges in that they do not contain explicit relationships between the decision alternatives and dependant variables or objectives Mental/verbal models make the manager unable to experiment with them and cannot be used to show how outcomes or measures of effectiveness change with decision alternatives. It is also not possible to show how the relationships change with the decision alternatives. These models have the advantage of being easy to understand. They are also based on many years of managerial experience (Klein G. , et al. , (Ed. ) (1993). The advantages of analytical models include that they aim at simplification and bring understanding to some interested aspect of reality. They can also help to test the effects of different decision alternatives, constants and parameter values more easily than with any other type of model. They can also analyze complex problems efficiently and concisely, and in many cases provide the cheapest way to analyze these problems. Although they are the most prevalent models in use today they may not be easily accepted by managers who lack training, experience and time to use them. Simulation models have a high degree of abstraction and as such many managers do not want to work with them. The reason of this could be lack of enough training in and exposure to those models. The other reason is that trained managers may lack sufficient time to pay attention to model. Despite these drawbacks the models are beneficial in the sense that in comparison to the mechanical model they can facilitate experimentation because both the independent variables, dependent variables, constants and parameters are explicitly related by language of mathematics.

Free Essays on Parson Adams

Although the title of the novel by Henry Fielding is, â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, it is Abraham Adams who captures the main interest of the reader. Parson Adams, who is a friend of Joseph Andrews, is an idealistic clergyman as well as the comic hero of the novel. The following is a brief character evaluation of Parson Adams. Parson Adams appearance does not depict the typical well-dressed and neat parson that we expect to come across. In fact he is quite contrary to the anticipated ideals. He is a middle-aged man of about fifty years old. Adams is a strong, healthy, and energetic man. His physical appearance is quite interesting as he has a, â€Å"comical† face. He has deeply wrinkled cheeks and a bearded chin. Parson Adams legs are considerably so long that they almost touch the ground when he rides on horseback. His fists are, â€Å"rather less then the knuckle of an ox†, with wrists, â€Å" which Hercules would not have been ashamed of.† Abraham Adams wears a periwig, which he turns inside out at night and binds it with a red spotted, handkerchief to his scalp. His attire matches his comical features for he usually wears a dilapidated old cassock, which is imperfectly hidden by a greatcoat that hardly reaches halfway down his thighs. He adorns his head with an old, tattered hat, which goes quite well with the rest of his out-fit. Adams accessories include an old pipe, and a heavy as well as a stout, crabstick. For a middle-aged man of fifty years, Parson Adams has immense, physical strength. He is magnificently strong and healthy. We can see an example of this in the incident where he plunges into the midst of danger and rescues Fanny by knocking her attacker down with his huge fists. He also fights like a mad man when the squire’s men at The New Inn attack him. He is capable of a good brawl when the situation and circumstances arise. It is important to mention here that he never indulges in a fight unless it is in self-defens... Free Essays on Parson Adams Free Essays on Parson Adams Although the title of the novel by Henry Fielding is, â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, it is Abraham Adams who captures the main interest of the reader. Parson Adams, who is a friend of Joseph Andrews, is an idealistic clergyman as well as the comic hero of the novel. The following is a brief character evaluation of Parson Adams. Parson Adams appearance does not depict the typical well-dressed and neat parson that we expect to come across. In fact he is quite contrary to the anticipated ideals. He is a middle-aged man of about fifty years old. Adams is a strong, healthy, and energetic man. His physical appearance is quite interesting as he has a, â€Å"comical† face. He has deeply wrinkled cheeks and a bearded chin. Parson Adams legs are considerably so long that they almost touch the ground when he rides on horseback. His fists are, â€Å"rather less then the knuckle of an ox†, with wrists, â€Å" which Hercules would not have been ashamed of.† Abraham Adams wears a periwig, which he turns inside out at night and binds it with a red spotted, handkerchief to his scalp. His attire matches his comical features for he usually wears a dilapidated old cassock, which is imperfectly hidden by a greatcoat that hardly reaches halfway down his thighs. He adorns his head with an old, tattered hat, which goes quite well with the rest of his out-fit. Adams accessories include an old pipe, and a heavy as well as a stout, crabstick. For a middle-aged man of fifty years, Parson Adams has immense, physical strength. He is magnificently strong and healthy. We can see an example of this in the incident where he plunges into the midst of danger and rescues Fanny by knocking her attacker down with his huge fists. He also fights like a mad man when the squire’s men at The New Inn attack him. He is capable of a good brawl when the situation and circumstances arise. It is important to mention here that he never indulges in a fight unless it is in self-defens...

Business Intercultural Communication Research Paper

Business Intercultural Communication - Research Paper Example Business intercultural communication is an effective tool for the organizations in order to achieve their objectives along with attaining various accomplishments with regard to performing the international business operations. The effective use of communication within the organization and identification of various cultural norms of the country of operation is the basic elements for the organizations in terms of trading on a global basis (US Department of State, â€Å"Intercultural Business Communication Tips†). Communication Style The verbal and non-verbal communications are the important aspects of conveying information. The communication style incorporated in the business activities in the UK can be considered as an explicit form of conveying information through utilizing both the verbal as well as non-verbal communication. The communication style employed in the UK has been observed as to be simple and uncomplicated while conveying any information to others. The sense of hu mor of the British people is also a major element in terms of making just about any proposal or in terms of the decision-making process. From the perspective of non-verbal communication, the British people are especially undemonstrative with regard to keeping their emotions concealed from other people by not making anyone uncomfortable for their own problem (s). The reserved nature among the people within the British culture highlights their respect to the person to whom they are communicating with (Kowol & Szumiel, â€Å"United Kingdom: communication, negotiations and cultural background†). With this concern of communication style that is followed by the British people are the major concerns for the IBM US employees. Therefore, it is important for the employees of IBM to make use of straightforward communication style along with using a minimum number of physical gestures. The undemonstrative nature of hiding the personal feelings is also an important element to be recognize d by the IBM employees of the US in terms of communicating with the British people (Kowol & Szumiel, â€Å"United Kingdom: communication, negotiations and cultural background†). Business Culture in the UK Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimension Power Distance Index (PDI) The power distance index can be determined as a preliminary model in the approach of Hofstede’s cultural dimension. In this context, the index represents the value of hierarchical relationship along with admiration for the authorized person or group. The model refers to the measure of inequality that exists within the culture or country. With this concern, the UK scores low in this index and organizations in the UK believe in innovative and creative strategies rather than following the traditional business approach (Hofstede, â€Å"National Culture†). Individualism (IDV) The individualism dimension within the workforce can result in higher productivity along with providing strengths to eac h individual in a community. However, the high level of individualism dimension can bring about a poor connectivity or deficiency in interpersonal communication with people outside close friends or family members or groups.

To what extent can the marketing mix be quintessentially standardised Essay

To what extent can the marketing mix be quintessentially standardised within the international marketplace - Essay Example strategies which are incorporated into the new competition that is a part of the market as well as the changes which have occurred within the internal and external environment are also altering the strategies which can be used. Defining the marketing strategies in the marketplace as well as the standardization which can be used can also offer new implementation of marketing in a different manner at a global level. The foundational concepts that are associated with marketing and the international marketplace are relevant because of different activities, organizational structures and practices which are required by organizations. The marketing strategies which are used are now an integral part of building an international marketing scenario, specifically with corporations that are beginning to expand globally and which are interested in creating multinational corporations. The strategies which are incorporated into the marketplace are essential because they create a relationship within the internal organization as well as through the customers that are interested in a business at an international level. The activities which take place, structure of the company and the ability to communicate effectively with those that are looking into different corporations then become an integral part of the marketing initiatives. Ensuring that the communication from marketing as well as the responses that are incorporated into the different organizations is effective makes a difference in the capabilities of an organization to work toward an international reputation (Czinkota, Ronkainen, 17, 2007). The concept of marketing is not only important because of the need to create new strategies to meet the international expectations within the market. There are also alterations that are related to the process which has to be incorporated as well as the ability to move through the benefits and challenges which are associated with international marketing. Surviving through